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Professor Horner’s Reading Plan
Mark 7; Genesis 26; Ephesians 6; 2 Timothy 4; Job 27; Psalms 63; Proverbs 27; 2 Chronicles 33; Jonah 3; Acts 17
Mark 7
1The Pharisees and some of the scribes *gathered to Him after they came from Jerusalem,
2and saw that some of His disciples were eating their bread with unholy hands, that is, unwashed.
3(For the Pharisees and all the other Jews do not eat unless they carefully wash their hands, thereby holding firmly to the tradition of the elders;
4and when they come from the marketplace, they do not eat unless they completely cleanse themselves; and there are many other things which they have received as traditions to firmly hold, such as the washing of cups, pitchers, and copper pots.)
5And the Pharisees and the scribes *asked Him, “Why do Your disciples not walk in accordance with the tradition of the elders, but eat their bread with unholy hands?”
6But He said to them, “Rightly did Isaiah prophesy about you hypocrites, as it is written: ‘THIS PEOPLE HONORS ME WITH THEIR LIPS, BUT THEIR HEART IS FAR AWAY FROM ME.
7AND IN VAIN DO THEY WORSHIP ME, TEACHING AS DOCTRINES THE COMMANDMENTS OF MEN.’
8Neglecting the commandment of God, you hold to the tradition of men.”
9He was also saying to them, “You are experts at setting aside the commandment of God in order to keep your tradition.
10For Moses said, ‘HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER’; and, ‘THE ONE WHO SPEAKS EVIL OF FATHER OR MOTHER, ISCERTAINLY TO BE PUT TO DEATH’;
11but you say, ‘If a person says to his father or his mother, whatever I have that would help you is Corban (that is, given to God),’
12you no longer allow him to do anything for his father or his mother;
13thereby invalidating the word of God by your tradition which you have handed down; and you do many things such as that.”
14After He called the crowd to Him again, He began saying to them, “Listen to Me, all of you, and understand:
15there is nothing outside the person which can defile him if it goes into him; but the things which come out of the person are what defile the person.”
16
17And when He later entered a house, away from the crowd, His disciples asked Him about the parable.
18And He *said to them, “Are you so lacking in understanding as well? Do you not understand that whatever goes into the person from outside cannot defile him,
19because it does not go into his heart, but into his stomach, andis eliminated?” (Thereby He declared all foods clean.)
20And He was saying, “That which comes out of the person, that is what defiles the person.
21For from within, out of thehearts of people, come the evil thoughts, acts of sexual immorality, thefts, murders, acts of adultery,
22deeds of greed, wickedness, deceit, indecent behavior,envy, slander,pride, and foolishness.
23All these evil things come from within and defile the person.”
24Now Jesus got up and went from there to the region of Tyre. And when He had entered a house, He wanted no one to know about it; and yet He could not escape notice.
25But after hearing about Him, a woman whose little daughter had an unclean spirit immediately came and fell at His feet.
26Now the woman was a Gentile, of Syrophoenician descent. And she repeatedly asked Him to cast the demon out of her daughter.
27And He was saying to her, “Let the children be satisfied first, for it is notgood to take the children’s bread and throw it to thedogs.”
28But she answered and *said to Him, “Yes, Lord, but even the dogs under the table feed on the children’s crumbs.”
29And He said to her, “Because of thisanswer, go; the demon has gone out of your daughter.”
30And after going back to her home, she found the child lying on the bed, and the demon gone.
31Again He left the region of Tyre and came through Sidon to the Sea of Galilee, within the region of Decapolis.
32And they *brought to Him one who was deaf and had difficulty speaking, and they *begged Him to lay His hand on him.
33And Jesus took him aside from the crowd, by himself, and put His fingers in his ears, and after spitting, He touched his tongue with the saliva;
34and looking up to heaven with a deep sigh, He *said to him, “Ephphatha!” that is, “Be opened!”
35And his ears were opened, and the impediment of his tongue was removed, and he began speaking plainly.
36And He gave them orders not to tell anyone; but the more He ordered them, the more widely they continued to proclaim it.
37And they were utterly astonished, saying, “He has done all things well; He makes even those who are deaf hear, and those who are unable to talk, speak.”
Genesis 26
1Now there was a famine in the land, besides the previous famine that had occurred in the days of Abraham. So Isaac went to Gerar, to Abimelech king of the Philistines.
2And the LORD appeared to him and said, “Do not go down to Egypt; stay in the land of which I shall tell you.
3Live for a time in this land and I will be with you and bless you, for to you and to your descendants I will give all these lands, and I will establish the oath which I swore to your father Abraham.
4I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven, and will give your descendants all these lands; and by your descendants all the nations of the earth shall be blessed,
5because Abraham obeyed Me and fulfilled his duty to Me, and kept My commandments, My statutes, and My laws.”
6So Isaac lived in Gerar.
7When the men of the place asked about his wife, he said, “She is my sister,” for he was afraid to say, “my wife,” thinking, “the men of the place might kill me on account of Rebekah, since she is beautiful.”
8Now it came about, when he had been there a long time, that Abimelech king of the Philistines looked down through a window, and saw them, and behold, Isaac was caressing his wife Rebekah.
9Then Abimelech called Isaac and said, “Behold, she certainly is your wife! So how is it that you said, ‘She is my sister’?” And Isaac said to him, “Because I thought, ‘otherwise I might be killed on account of her.’ ”
10And Abimelech said, “What is this that you have done to us? One of the people might easily have slept with your wife, and you would have brought guilt upon us.”
11So Abimelech commanded all the people, saying, “He who touches this man or his wife will certainly be put to death.”
12Now Isaac sowed in that land and reaped in the same year a hundred times as much. And the LORD blessed him,
13and the man became rich, and continued to grow richer until he became very wealthy;
14for he had possessions of flocks and herds, and a great household, so that the Philistines envied him.
15Now all the wells which his father’s servants had dug in the days of his father Abraham, the Philistines stopped up by filling them with dirt.
16Then Abimelech said to Isaac, “Go away from us, for you are too powerful for us.”
17So Isaac departed from there and camped in the Valley of Gerar, and settled there.
18Then Isaac dug again the wells of water which had been dug in the days of his father Abraham, for the Philistines had stopped them up after the death of Abraham; and he gave them the same names which his father had given them.
19But when Isaac’s servants dug in the valley and found there a well of flowing water,
20the herdsmen of Gerar quarreled with the herdsmen of Isaac, saying, “The water is ours!” So he named the well Esek, because they argued with him.
21Then they dug another well, and they quarreled over it too, so he named it Sitnah.
22Then he moved away from there and dug another well, and they did not quarrel over it; so he named it Rehoboth, for he said, “At last the LORD has made room for us, and we will be fruitful in the land.”
23And he went up from there to Beersheba.
24And the LORD appeared to him the same night and said, “I am the God of your father Abraham; Do not fear, for I am with you. I will bless you and multiply your descendants, For the sake of My servant Abraham.”
25So he built an altar there and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there; and there Isaac’s servants dug a well.
26Then Abimelech came to him from Gerar with his adviser Ahuzzath, and Phicol the commander of his army.
27Isaac said to them, “Why have you come to me, since you hate me and have sent me away from you?”
28They said, “We have seen plainly that the LORD has been with you; so we said, ‘An oath must now be taken by us,’ that is, by you and us. So let us make a covenant with you,
29that you will do us no harm, just as we have not touched you and have done to you nothing but good, and have sent you away in peace. You are now the blessed of the LORD.”
30Then he made them a feast, and they ate and drank.
31In the morning they got up early and exchanged oaths; then Isaac sent them away, and they left him in peace.
32Now it came about on the same day, that Isaac’s servants came in and told him about the well which they had dug, and said to him, “We have found water.”
33So he called it Shibah; therefore the name of the city is Beersheba to this day.
34When Esau was forty years old he married Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Basemath the daughter of Elon the Hittite;
35and they brought grief to Isaac and Rebekah.
Ephesians 6
1Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right.
2HONOR YOUR FATHER AND MOTHER (which is the first commandment with a promise),
3SO THAT IT MAY TURN OUT WELL FOR YOU, AND THAT YOU MAY LIVE LONG ON THE EARTH.
4Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord.
5Slaves, be obedient to those who are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in the sincerity of your heart, as to Christ;
6not by way of eye-service, as people-pleasers, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart.
7With goodwill render service, as to the Lord, and not to people,
8knowing that whatever good thing each one does, he will receive this back from the Lord, whether slave or free.
9And masters, do the same things to them, and give up threatening, knowing that both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no partiality with Him.
10Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of His might.
11Put on the full armor of God, so that you will be able to stand firm against the schemes of the devil.
12For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the powers, against the world forces of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of wickedness in the heavenly places.
13Therefore, take up the full armor of God, so that you will be able to resist on the evil day, and having done everything, to stand firm.
14Stand firm therefore, having belted your waist with truth, and having put on the breastplate of righteousness,
15and having strapped on your feet the preparation of the gospel of peace;
16in addition to all, taking up the shield of faith with which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one.
17And take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God.
18With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit, and with this in view, be alert with all perseverance and every request for all the saints,
19and pray in my behalf, that speech may be given to me in the opening of my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel,
20for which I am an ambassador in chains; that in proclaiming it I may speak boldly, as I ought to speak.
21Now, so that you also may know about my circumstances as to what I am doing, Tychicus, the beloved brother and faithful servant in the Lord, will make everything known to you.
22I have sent him to you for this very purpose, so that you may know about us, and that he may comfort your hearts.
23Peace be to the brothers and sisters, and love with faith, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
24Grace be with all those who love our Lord Jesus Christ with incorruptible love.
2 Timothy 4
1I solemnly exhort you in the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who is to judge the living and the dead, and by His appearing and His kingdom:
2preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; correct, rebuke, and exhort, with great patience and instruction.
3For the time will come when they will not tolerate sound doctrine; but wanting to have their ears tickled, they will accumulate for themselves teachers in accordance with their own desires,
4and they will turn their ears away from the truth and will turn aside to myths.
5But as for you, use self-restraint in all things, endure hardship, do the work of an evangelist, fulfill your ministry.
6For I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure has come.
7I have fought the good fight, I have finished the course, I have kept the faith;
8in the future there is reserved for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day; and not only to me, but also to all who have loved His appearing.
9Make every effort to come to me soon;
10for Demas, having loved this present world, has deserted me and gone to Thessalonica; Crescens has gone to Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia.
11Only Luke is with me. Take along Mark and bring him with you, for he is useful to me for service.
12But I have sent Tychicus to Ephesus.
13When you come, bring the overcoat which I left at Troas with Carpus, and the books, especially the parchments.
14Alexander the coppersmith did me great harm; the Lord will repay him according to his deeds.
15Be on guard against him yourself too, for he vigorously opposed our teaching.
16At my first defense no one supported me, but all deserted me; may it not be counted against them.
17But the Lord stood with me and strengthened me, so that through me the proclamation might be fully accomplished, and that all the Gentiles might hear; and I was rescued out of the lion’s mouth.
18The Lord will rescue me from every evil deed, and will bring me safely to His heavenly kingdom; to Him be the glory forever and ever. Amen.
19Greet Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus.
20Erastus remained at Corinth, but I left Trophimus sick at Miletus.
21Make every effort to come before winter. Eubulus greets you, also Pudens, Linus, Claudia, and all the brothers and sisters.
22The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.
Job 27
1Job again took up his discourse and said,
2“As God lives, who has taken away my right, And the Almighty, who has embittered my soul,
3For as long as life is in me, And the breath of God is in my nostrils,
4My lips certainly will not speak unjustly, Nor will my tongue mutter deceit.
5Far be it from me that I should declare you right; Until I die, I will not give up my integrity.
6I have kept hold of my righteousness and will not let it go. My heart does not rebuke any of my days.
7“May my enemy be as the wicked, And my opponent as the criminal.
8For what is the hope of the godless when he makes an end of life, When God requires his life?
9Will God hear his cry When distress comes upon him?
10Or will he take pleasure in the Almighty? Will he call on God at all times?
11I will instruct you in the power of God; What is with the Almighty I will not conceal.
12Behold, all of you have seen it; Why then do you talk of nothing?
13“This is the portion of a wicked person from God, And the inheritance which tyrants receive from the Almighty:
14Though his sons are many, they are destined for the sword; And his descendants will not be satisfied with bread.
15His survivors will be buried because of the plague, And their widows will not be able to weep.
16Though he piles up silver like dust, And prepares garments as plentiful as the clay,
17He may prepare it, but the righteous will wear it And the innocent will divide the silver.
18He has built his house like the spider’s web, Or a hut which the watchman has made.
19He lies down rich, but never again; He opens his eyes, and it no longer exists.
20Terrors overtake him like a flood; A storm steals him away in the night.
21The east wind carries him away, and he is gone; For it sweeps him away from his place.
22For it will hurl at him without mercy; He will certainly try to flee from its power.
23People will clap their hands at him, And will whistle at him from their places.
Psalms 63
1God, You are my God; I shall be watching for You; My soul thirsts for You, my flesh yearns for You, In a dry and exhausted land where there is no water.
2So have I seen You in the sanctuary, To see Your power and glory.
3Because Your favor is better than life, My lips will praise You.
4So I will bless You as long as I live; I will lift up my hands in Your name.
5My soul is satisfied as with fat and fatness, And my mouth offers praises with joyful lips.
6When I remember You on my bed, I meditate on You in the night watches,
7For You have been my help, And in the shadow of Your wings I sing for joy.
8My soul clings to You; Your right hand takes hold of me.
9But those who seek my life to destroy it, Will go into the depths of the earth.
10They will be turned over to the power of the sword; They will be a prey for foxes.
11But the king will rejoice in God; Everyone who swears by Him will boast, For the mouths of those who speak lies will be stopped.
Proverbs 27
1Do not boast about tomorrow, For you do not know what a day may bring.
2Let another praise you, and not your own mouth; A stranger, and not your own lips.
3A stone is heavy and the sand weighty, But the provocation of a fool is heavier than both of them.
4Wrath is fierce and anger is a flood, But who can stand before jealousy?
5Better is open rebuke Than love that is concealed.
6Faithful are the wounds of a friend, But deceitful are the kisses of an enemy.
7A satisfied person despises honey, But to a hungry person any bitter thing is sweet.
8Like a bird that wanders from its nest, So is a person who wanders from his home.
9Oil and perfume make the heart glad, And a person’s advice is sweet to his friend.
10Do not abandon your friend or your father’s friend, And do not go to your brother’s house on the day of your disaster; Better is a neighbor who is near than a brother far away.
11Be wise, my son, and make my heart glad, So that I may reply to one who taunts me.
12A prudent person sees evil and hides himself; But the naive proceed, and pay the penalty.
13Take his garment when he becomes a guarantor for a stranger; And for a foreign woman seize a pledge from him.
14One who blesses his friend with a loud voice early in the morning, It will be considered a curse to him.
15A constant dripping on a day of steady rain And a contentious woman are alike;
16He who would restrain her restrains the wind, And grasps oil with his right hand.
17As iron sharpens iron, So one person sharpens another.
18One who tends the fig tree will eat its fruit, And one who cares for his master will be honored.
19As in water a face reflects the face, So the heart of a person reflects the person.
20Sheol and Abaddon are never satisfied, Nor are the eyes of a person ever satisfied.
21The crucible is for silver and the furnace for gold, And each is tested by the praise accorded him.
22Though you pound the fool in a mortar with a pestle along with crushed grain, His foolishness still will not leave him.
23Know well the condition of your flocks, And pay attention to your herds;
24For riches are not forever, Nor does a crown endure to all generations.
25When the grass disappears, the new growth is seen, And the herbs of the mountains are gathered in,
26The lambs will be for your clothing, And the goats will bring the price of a field,
27And there will be enough goats’ milk for your food, For the food of your household, And sustenance for your attendants.
2 Chronicles 33
1Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned for fifty-five years in Jerusalem.
2He did evil in the sight of the LORD according to the abominations of the nations whom the LORD dispossessed before the sons of Israel.
3For he rebuilt the high places which his father Hezekiah had torn down; he also set up altars for the Baals and made Asherim, and he worshiped all the heavenly lights and served them.
4He built altars in the house of the LORD of which the LORD had said, “My name shall be in Jerusalem forever.”
5He built altars for all the heavenly lights in the two courtyards of the house of the LORD.
6He also made his sons pass through the fire in the Valley of Ben-hinnom; and he practiced witchcraft, used divination, practiced sorcery, and dealt with mediums and spiritists. He did much evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger.
7Then he put the carved image of the idol which he had made in the house of God, of which God had said to David and his son Solomon, “In this house and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen from all the tribes of Israel, I will put My name forever;
8and I will not remove the foot of Israel again from the land which I have appointed for your fathers, if only they will take care to do everything that I have commanded them according to all the Law, the statutes, and the ordinances given through Moses.”
9So Manasseh encouraged Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to do more evil than the nations whom the LORD destroyed before the sons of Israel.
10So the LORD spoke to Manasseh and his people, but they paid no attention.
11Therefore the LORD brought the commanders of the army of the king of Assyria against them, and they captured Manasseh with hooks, bound him with bronze chains, and led him to Babylon.
12When he was in distress, he appeased the LORD his God and humbled himself greatly before the God of his fathers.
13When he prayed to Him, He was moved by him and heard his pleading, and brought him back to Jerusalem to his kingdom. Then Manasseh knew that the LORD alone is God.
14Now after this he built the outer wall of the city of David on the west side of Gihon, in the valley, up to the entrance of the Fish Gate; and he encircled the Ophel with it and made it very high. Then he put army commanders in all the fortified cities in Judah.
15He also removed the foreign gods and the idol from the house of the LORD, as well as all the altars which he had built on the mountain of the house of the LORD and in Jerusalem, and he threw them outside the city.
16He set up the altar of the LORD and sacrificed peace offerings and thanksgiving offerings on it; and he ordered Judah to serve the LORD God of Israel.
17However, the people still sacrificed on the high places, although only to the LORD their God.
18Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh and his prayer to his God, and the words of the seers who spoke to him in the name of the LORD God of Israel, behold, they are among the records of the kings of Israel.
19His prayer also and how God was moved by him, and all his sin, his unfaithfulness, and the sites on which he built high places and erected the Asherim and the carved images, before he humbled himself, behold, they are written in the records of Hozai.
20So Manasseh lay down with his fathers, and they buried him in his own house. And his son Amon became king in his place.
21Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned for two years in Jerusalem.
22He did evil in the sight of the LORD, just as his father Manasseh had done, and Amon sacrificed to all the carved images which his father Manasseh had made, and he served them.
23Furthermore, he did not humble himself before the LORD as his father Manasseh had done, but Amon multiplied his guilt.
24Finally, his servants conspired against him and put him to death in his own house.
25But the people of the land killed all the conspirators against King Amon, and the people of the land made his son Josiah king in his place.
Jonah 3
1Now the word of the LORD came to Jonah the second time, saying,
2“Arise, go to Nineveh, the great city, and proclaim to it the proclamation which I am going to tell you.”
3So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh according to the word of the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly large city, a three days’ walk.
4Then Jonah began to go through the city one day’s walk; and he cried out and said, “Forty more days, and Nineveh will be overthrown.”
5Then the people of Nineveh believed in God; and they called a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest to the least of them.
6When the word reached the king of Nineveh, he got up from his throne, removed his robe from himself, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat on the dust.
7And he issued a proclamation, and it said, “In Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles: No person, animal, herd, or flock is to taste anything. They are not to eat, or drink water.
8But every person and animal must be covered with sackcloth; and people are to call on God vehemently, and they are to turn, each one from his evil way, and from the violence which is in their hands.
9Who knows, God may turn and relent, and turn from His burning anger so that we will not perish.”
10When God saw their deeds, that they turned from their evil way, then God relented of the disaster which He had declared He would bring on them. So He did not do it.
Acts 17
1Now when they had traveled through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews.
2And according to Paul’s custom, he visited them, and for three Sabbaths reasoned with them from the Scriptures,
3explaining and giving evidence that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the dead, and saying, “This Jesus whom I am proclaiming to you is the Christ.”
4And some of them were persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, along with a large number of the God-fearing Greeks and a significant number of the leading women.
5But the Jews, becoming jealous and taking along some wicked men from the marketplace, formed a mob and set the city in an uproar; and they attacked the house of Jason and were seeking to bring them out to the people.
6When they did not find them, they began dragging Jason and some brothers before the city authorities, shouting, “These men who have upset the world have come here also;
7and Jason has welcomed them, and they all act contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, Jesus.”
8They stirred up the crowd and the city authorities who heard these things.
9And when they had received a pledge from Jason and the others, they released them.
10The brothers immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea, and when they arrived, they went into the synagogue of the Jews.
11Now these people were more noble-minded than those in Thessalonica, for they received the word with great eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see whether these things were so.
12Therefore, many of them believed, along with a significant number of prominent Greek women and men.
13But when the Jews of Thessalonica found out that the word of God had been proclaimed by Paul in Berea also, they came there as well, agitating and stirring up the crowds.
14Then immediately the brothers sent Paul out to go as far as the sea; and Silas and Timothy remained there.
15Now those who escorted Paul brought him as far as Athens; and receiving a command for Silas and Timothy to come to him as soon as possible, they left.
16Now while Paul was waiting for them in Athens, his spirit was being provoked within him as he observed that the city was full of idols.
17So he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews and the God-fearing Gentiles, and in the marketplace every day with those who happened to be present.
18And some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers as well were conversing with him. Some were saying, “What could this scavenger of tidbits want to say?” Others, “He seems to be a proclaimer of strange deities,”—because he was preaching Jesus and the resurrection.
19And they took him and brought him to the Areopagus, saying, “May we know what this new teaching is which you are proclaiming?
20For you are bringing some strange things to our ears; so we want to know what these things mean.”
21(Now all the Athenians and the strangers visiting there used to spend their time in nothing other than telling or hearing something new.)
22So Paul stood in the midst of the Areopagus and said, “Men of Athens, I see that you are very religious in all respects.
23For while I was passing through and examining the objects of your worship, I also found an altar with this inscription, ‘TO AN UNKNOWN GOD.’ Therefore, what you worship in ignorance, this I proclaim to you.
24The God who made the world and everything that is in it, since He is Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made by hands;
25nor is He served by human hands, as though He needed anything, since He Himself gives to all people life and breath and all things;
26and He made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined their appointed times and the boundaries of their habitation,
27that they would seek God, if perhaps they might feel around for Him and find Him, though He is not far from each one of us;
28for in Him we live and move and exist, as even some of your own poets have said, ‘For we also are His descendants.’
29Therefore, since we are the descendants of God, we ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold or silver or stone, an image formed by human skill and thought.
30So having overlooked the times of ignorance, God is now proclaiming to mankind that all people everywhere are to repent,
31because He has set a day on which He will judge the world in righteousness through a Man whom He has appointed, having furnished proof to all people by raising Him from the dead.”
32Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some began to scoff, but others said, “We shall hear from you again concerning this.”
33So Paul went out from among them.
34But some men joined him and believed, among whom also were Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris, and others with them.